Anatomy-Lexicon

Thigh

General

The thigh is the upper part of the leg between the hip and the knee, or between the buttocks and the lower leg. He has strong muscles, which are mainly used for locomotion and statics.
The range of motion in the hip and knee joint, on the other hand, is much less pronounced than on the upper arm.

Thigh bone (femur)

Of the Thigh bone (Femur) is the longest Long bones of the human body.
He will turn into a

Headboard (Head femoris), one
Neck part (Collum femoris) and one
body (Corpus femoris) structured.

The two epicondyles adjoin the corpus femoris laterally (epicondyle lateralis) and towards the middle (epicondylus medialis).

Of the Headboard (Head femrois) provides the Epiphysis dar,
Collum and Corpus are the Diaphysis.
Of the Femoral head (Head femoris) is covered by cartilage and articulated with the Acetabulum, so forms that hip joint out.

In the head there is a small band which is called Ligamentum capitis femoris referred to as. This tape contains a small one vessel, which is responsible for supplying the femoral head. So this tape has especially in the Growth phase crucial. This importance diminishes in adulthood.

To the Femoral head closes the Neck part (Collum femoris) to distal (remote from the body) on. Then the body part of the bone follows (Corpus femoris). This is elongated and is on its back by the Linea aspera reinforced.

This Linea aspera consists of a

medial (Labium mediale) and one
lateral (Labium laterale) Portion, which in each case at the two ends of the bone (cranial and caudal) diverge.

They serve as origin and approach more numerous Muscles. There are two at the border between the femoral neck and femoral body Bony prominences.

Of the great greater trochanter and
of the lesser trochanter.

In between runs the Linea intertrochanterica. These bone structures also serve as the origin and attachment point for various muscles. Further away from the body (distal) widens the Thigh bone to two other large protrusions of bone, the

Medial condyle (towards the middle) and
Lateral condyle (laterally).

On the front side is an articular surface, which in the middle area as Facies patellaris and the connection to Kneecap (patella) represents. Each of these two condyles has an elevation which is called Medial epicondyle and lateralis are designated. These are the Collateral ligaments of Knee joint attached.

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Femoral neck

The femoral neck (collum femoris) is the anatomical section of the thighbone (femur), which connects the shaft (corpus femoris) with the head area (caput femoris). A certain angle forms between the collum and the corpus femoris (the collum-diaphyseal angle), which should be between 125 and 135 degrees.

On the one hand, the thigh neck is exposed to great forces (transfer of force from the trunk and the upper extremity to the lower extremity), and on the other hand, the thigh neck represents an additional anatomical weak point. This is why the femoral neck area is often too traumatic (due to inadequate force) or fractures of the femoral neck caused by osteoporosis (especially when older people fall). Depending on the genesis, these are usually treated with plates and letters or directly as an endoprosthesis.

Also read the article on the topic: Femoral neck fracture

Thigh muscles

The muscles of the Thigh are divided into three functional groups:

The Extensor muscles (Extensors),
the Flexor muscles (Flexors) and
the muscles leading to the body (Adductors).

The group of Extensor muscles (Extensors) includes the

Sartorius muscle, the
Quadriceps femoris muscle and the
Articularis genus muscle.

The sartorius muscle is the longest muscle in the human body and a two-jointed muscle, which means it covers Hip- and Knee joint. It has its origin in the anterior superior iliac spine Ilium (Os ilium) and continues on the medial surface of the Shin (Tibia) below the head of the tibia. Because of its course, it acts as a Flexor (Flexion), weaker External rotator (Rotation in the hip joint outwards) and moves the leg laterally away from the body (Abductor). In the knee joint it leads to diffraction and Internal rotation.

Of the Quadriceps femoris muscle is one of the biggest Muscles of the human body and consists of four parts. All four parts have different origins, but are based on the Tibial tuberosity (Protruding bone of the tibia). The four parts are as follows:

Of the Rectus femoris muscle arises from the anterior inferior iliac spine of the iliac and bends the hip joint. In addition stretches he the knee joint.
Of the Vastus medialis muscle arises at the back of the thigh bone, the linea aspera, and stretches the knee.
Of the Vastus intermedius muscle has its origin broadly on the front of the thigh bone and also leads to Knee extension.
Of the Vastus lateralis muscle arises from the lateral portion of the Linea aspera on the back surface of the femur. It takes up most of the quadriceps femoris muscle and stretches also the knee joint.
Of the Articularis genus muscle is small and a splitting off of the vastus intermedius muscle (quadriceps femoris muscle). It arises on the front of the thigh bone distant from the body and attaches to the knee joint capsule. He tensions this so as to prevent the capsule to avoid when stretching the knee joint.

The Anterior Muscles of the Thigh (Adductors) can be divided into three layers.

The superficial,
middle and
depth Adductor group.

All muscles in this group serve to bring the leg closer to the body (adduction).

The superficial adductor group contains the Pectineus muscle and the Adductor longus muscle. These arise on Pubic bone and pull to the back surface of the femur.

Of the Gracilis muscle is the only two-jointed muscle in the adductor group. It also arises from the pubic bone and attaches to the shin below the head of the tibia. In the hip joint it leads to diffraction and Adduction, in the knee joint to diffraction and Internal rotation.

Of the Adductor brevis muscle is the only muscle that middle adductor group. This also has its origin on the pubic bone and starts on the back surface of the thigh bone.

The deep adductor group is made up of the

huge (magnus) and
small (minimus) adductor muscle together.

Of the Adductor magnus muscle originates from the ischium and attaches to the back of the thigh bone. Another part is attached to the medial epicondyle. He is considered the strongest adductor of the entire adductor group.Adductor minimus muscle) is a splitting off of the large muscle and therefore has the same approach and origin.

The Flexor (Flexors) of the thigh are also called hamstring muscles designated. With the exception of the biceps femoris muscle, all muscles in this group originate from the Sciatic tuberosity (Protruding bone of the ischium) and attach to the lower leg bones. The innervation of this muscle group takes place via the Sciatic nerve.

Of the Biceps femoris muscle consists of two muscle heads, the

long caput longum and the
short caput breve.

The Caput longum also arises on the ischiadic tuberosity, while the short portion at the back of the Thighbone (Linea aspera) arises. Both muscle heads put on the head of the Fibula (Fibula) and cause flexion and external rotation in the knee joint. Since the long muscle head also pulls over the hip joint, it also leads to the Elongation and External rotation in the hip joint.

The Musculus semitendinosus sets together with the Gracilis muscle and sartorius at the center lying (medial) Shin margin below the head of the shin. He stretches the hip joint and brings it to the body. The knee joint is flexed. He is through the Tibial nerve innervated.

Of the Semimembranosus muscle is flat and elongated. It lies under the semitendinosus muscle and serves as a species bearings. Its insertion is the medial condyle of the tibia. Its function and innervation correspond to that of the semitendinosus muscle.

Thigh muscles

Thigh Tie Tensioner -
Muscle tensor fasciae latae
Iliac muscle -
Iliacus muscle
Lumbar muscle -
Psoas major muscle
Comb muscle - M. pectineus
Lean Muscle - M. gracilis
Tailor Muscle - M. sartorius
Hamstring muscle -
Rectus femoris muscle
External hamstring muscle -
Vastus lateralis muscle
Inner thigh muscle -
Vastus medialis muscle
Iliac-tibial tendon -
Iliotibial band
Kneecap - patella
Long Dresser -
Adductor longus muscle
Big Dresser -
Adductor magnus muscle
Biceps thigh muscle,
long head -
Biceps femoris muscle,
Caput longum
Biceps thigh muscle,
short head -
Biceps femoris muscle,
Caput breve
Half-tendon muscle -
Semitendinosus muscle
Semi-membranous muscle -
Semimembranosus muscle
Femur -
Femur
Gluteus Muscle -
Gluteus maximus muscle

You can find an overview of all Dr-Gumpert images at: medical illustrations

Joints

The hip joint is the connection between the thigh and the hip (Articulatio coxae). It is a nut joint, a special form of the ball joint. The joint head lies well over halfway in the joint socket.

The joint socket (Acetabulum) is formed by the pelvis, the joint head is the head of the thigh bone (Head femoris). The hip can be in this joint

bent (Flexion) and
slightly stretched (Extension) become. Furthermore, the thigh can be in the hip joint
introduced (Adduction) or
led away (Abduction) become.
Slight turning movements inwards and outwards are also possible.

The joint between the thigh and lower leg (knee joint) is a bicondylar joint. This means that the joint surface is formed by two condyles of the thigh (medial and lateral) and the two condyles of the tibia are formed. In this joint you can

Diffraction (Flexion),
Elongation (Extension), such as
Turning movements (Internal and external rotation) are executed.

More information on this topic:

Knee joint
hip joint

Vessels of the thigh

The great abdominal aorta (Abdominal aorta) divides in the pelvis into the right and left common pelvic arteries (Right common iliac artery and sinistra).
These in turn fork into one each

outer (externa) and a
inner (internals) Pelvic artery.

The vessels of the internal iliac artery supply the buttocks and thighs. The large femoral artery (arteria femoralis) emerges from the external iliac artery. This branches out into numerous smaller and larger branches and supplies both the deep and the superficial areas of the leg. In addition, branches pull towards the genital region.

The venous system is divided into superficial and deep veins. The deep large veins run roughly parallel to the corresponding arteries and have the same names. The largest superficial vein is the great saphenous vein. This takes the blood from numerous other superficial veins and ultimately guides it in the area of the groin into the deep femoral vein. All other superficial veins are also connected to the deep veins via smaller bridging veins and thus direct the blood from the periphery back to the trunk.

Nerves on the thigh

The nerve innervation of the thigh takes place via the various nerves from the nerve branch plexus of the pelvic area (Lumbosacral plexus).

The genitofemoral nerve arises from the lumbar plexus, which is sensitive to the scrotum (scrotum) and innervated a small part on the inside of the thigh. In addition, the femoral nerve arises from the lumbar plexus. It innervates some muscles of the thigh, including the quadriceps femoris muscle. The obturator nerve innervates the adductor group of the thigh and sensitively supplies the middle third of the medial thigh.
From the sacral plexus emerges, among other things, the posterior cutaneous femoral nerve. This is a purely sensitive nerve that innervates the skin on the back of the thigh.

The sciatic nerve is the strongest peripheral nerve in humans. It is divided into two main branches, the

Tibial nerve and the
Common fibular nerve.

The sciatic nerve innervates the biceps femoris muscle and then divides into its two main branches in the hollow of the knee.
The tibial nerve supplies the motor

Biceps femoris muscle, den
Semitendinosus muscle and the
Semimembranosus muscle.

Then it runs centrally to the hollow of the knee and supplies various muscles of the lower leg.

Thigh pain

From an anatomical point of view, thigh pain can be divided into different groups. On the one hand, this can be muscle pain, nerve-related pain, pain due to an inadequate blood supply through the vessels or pain emanating from the thigh bone. Muscular pain in the thigh is predestined to occur after certain physical activity. A typical injury in football is, for example, a muscle strain in the adductor area due to the dynamic lateral movements. In general, muscular-related pain can occur in the context of tension, overload, and trauma.

Muscular complaints in the thigh area can also be caused by malpositions (congenital or acquired) (e.g. hip dysplasia). Tendon ruptures (e.g. patellar tendon as insertion of the quadriceps femoris muscle) are also possible. Nerve compression (e.g. of the sciatic nerve in the buttock area) can lead to sensory and motor deficits in addition to sensory disorders and pain in the thigh area.

Pain can also arise when there is too long an insufficient blood supply to the thigh. This can occur, for example, in the context of a PAD (peripheral arterial occlusive disease) or in the case of a complete stenosis of the abdominal aorta in the division area of the two iliac arteries. Very often, however, pain in the thigh arises from the bone and cartilage apparatus. The femoral neck is particularly prone to fractures.

However, fractures also often occur in the supracondylar area and in the area of the femoral shaft. Due to the increasing life expectancy of people, degenerative processes on bones and cartilage, especially on stressed parts of the body, are coming to the fore. The main focus here is on osteoporotic bone changes in addition to degenerative cartilage changes in the joints. As part of these degenerative processes, fractures, misalignments or joint arthrosis can occur. Thigh pain can also be triggered by inflammation (e.g. of the muscles or the muscle tendons) or tumors.

Diseases of the thigh

Femoral neck fracture

The femoral neck fracture (also called the femoral neck fracture) is a very common fracture. It mainly affects postmenopausal women and patients suffering from osteoporosis. Anatomically, the femoral neck fracture is divided into a medial (located inside the joint capsule) and a lateral (located outside the joint capsule) fracture. The femoral neck fracture can also be subdivided using specific classifications (Garden and Pauwels classification), including the fracture line and the degree of displacement of the fracture fragments.

Whether or not the femoral neck fracture is treated depends on these criteria. The medial femoral neck fractures are mostly caused by adduction trauma and are unstable. Surgical treatment is indicated here. In the case of lateral femoral neck fractures (lying outside the capsule), which are usually stable and caused by abduction trauma, can usually be treated as part of conservative treatment. In addition to the above criteria, the patient's age is also decisive for the choice of the surgical procedure.

In the case of young patients, a screw connection that retains the femoral head is generally preferred. Due to the arterial blood supply, this should take place within the first six hours after the fracture. Older patients are given preference for endoprosthetic care. The reasons for this are the mostly reduced bone density in older patients and the desire to achieve early mobilization. It is essential to watch out for possible complications with femoral neck fractures. As with all fractures, this is a possible bleeding or thrombosis or embolism. If there is no blood supply, necrosis of the femoral head can also occur.

You might also be interested in this topic: Healing time of the femoral neck hernia

Thigh contusion

A thigh bruise is caused by a contusion of the muscular tissue caused by various causes. In addition to the muscles, the skin, fat and connective tissue are squeezed. The cause can be falls, traumatic compressions, the impact of objects, etc. Especially in the case of thigh bruises, one speaks of the typical "horse kiss".

In the case of a harmless bruise, there is initially no bleeding into the tissue or swelling. However, these can occur if the bruises are severe. The movement of the thigh is severely restricted by the severe pain. Therefore, the PECH rule (break, ice, compression, elevation) also applies here. To treat the pain of a bruised thigh, arnica-containing ointments, Bepanthen or paracetamol via oral administration can be used.

Thigh strain

A thigh strain is an acute clinical picture in which excessive overstretching of the muscles in the thigh leads to sharp pain. The thigh strain is one of the typical sports injuries. Basically, this is a more harmless injury than a torn muscle fiber. The thigh strain is pathophysiologically based on a destruction of the microstructure of the muscle (sarcomere).

It is important to know that in a few cases, muscle strain occurs without impairing the muscle structure. For example, if there is a specific joint deformity or pre-existing muscular damage, a strain is favored. However, constant overloading of the muscles increases the likelihood of a strain. Sports with typical jerky dynamic movements combined with many changes of direction are typical for the occurrence of thigh strains (e.g. football, tennis, basketball, squash, badminton).

The continuous consumption of anabolic hormones or steroids also favors the occurrence of muscle strains, since the muscles here grow beyond the physiological level. With proper treatment of a thigh strain, this is an injury with a good tendency to heal. Important rules are an immediate protection of the affected muscles combined with an elevated position, cooling with ice and compression with a pressure bandage. (PECH rules: break, ice, compression, elevation).

More on this: Torn muscle fiber in the thigh

Summary

The thigh consists of the largest tubular bone (Femur) of the human body and numerous

Muscles,
Vessels and
annoy.

The muscles especially serve the Locomotion, as well as for attitude in an upright position.
They are divided into three broad groups:

The Straightener (Extensors), the
Flexor (Flexors) and the
Adductors.

The thigh is connected to the trunk via the hip joint, and to the lower leg via the knee joint. Various movements are possible in these joints, too, but these are much less pronounced than in the arm. The thigh is supplied with vessels via the main branches of the large arteries, originating from the abdominal aorta.

Of the venous Reflux occurs through the deep and superficial Veinswhich are connected to each other and thus transport the blood from the periphery to the trunk of the body. The nerves of the thigh come from two major nerve plexuses: the Sacral plexus and lumbar region. These give off numerous larger and smaller nerves, which innervate the muscles in a motorized manner and the skin of the thigh in a sensitive manner.